TENNIS
FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM |
The Rules of Tennis
[These rules to conform to the USTA's 1995 Rules of Tennis.]
Index
The following Rules and Cases and Decisions are the official Code of
the International Tennis Federation, of which the United States Tennis
Association is a member. USTA Comments have the same weight and force
in USTA tournaments as do ITF Cases and Decisions.
When a match is played without officials, USTA Regulation I.M. shall
apply in any situation not covered by the rules. The
Code shall apply in any situation not covered by USTA Regulation I.M.
Except where otherwise stated, every reference in these Rules to the
masculine includes the feminine gender.
Amendments to the USTA Comments may be made in accordance with Article
VIII of the USTA Regulations provided such amendments are not inconsistent
with the Rules of Tennis of the International Tennis Federation.
The court shall be a rectangle 78 feet (23.77m.) long and 27 feet (8.23m.)
wide.
[USTA Comment: See Rule 34 for a doubles court.]
It shall be divided across the middle by a net suspended from a cord
or metal cable of a maximum diameter of one-third of an inch (0.8cm.),
the ends of which shall be attached to, or pass over, the tops of two
posts, which shall be not more than 6 inches (15cm.) square or 6 inches
(15cm.) in diameter. These posts shall not be higher than 1 inch (2.5
cm.) above the top of the net cord. The centers of the posts shall be
3 feet (0.914m.) outside the court on each side and the height of the
posts shall be such that the top of the cord or metal cable shall be 3
feet 6 inches (1.07m.) above the ground.
When a combined doubles (see Rule 34) and singles
court with a doubles net is used for singles, the net must be supported
to a height of 3 feet 6 inches (1.07m.) by means of two posts, called
"singles sticks", which shall be not more than 3 inches (7.5cm.) square
or 3 inches (7.5cm.) in diameter. The centers of the singles sticks shall
be 3 feet (0.914m.) outside the singles court on each side.
The net shall be extended fully so that it fills completely the space
between the two posts and shall be of sufficiently small mesh to prevent
the ball passing through. The height of the net shall be 3 feet (0.914m.)
at the center, where it shall be held down taut by a strap not more than
2 inches (5cm.) wide and completely white in colour. There shall be a
band covering the cord or metal cable and the top of the net of not less
than 2 inches (5cm.) nor more than 2.5 inches (6.3cm.) in depth on each
side and completely white in colour.
[USTA Comment: An approved method for obtaining proper net tautness
is: Loosen the center strap. Tighten the net cord until it is approximately
40 inches above the ground, being careful not to overtighten the net.
Tighten the center strap until the center of the net is 36 inches above
the ground. These measurements should always be made before the first
match of the day.]
There shall be no advertisement on the net, strap, band or singles sticks.
The lines bounding the ends and sides of the Court shall respectively
be called the base-lines and the side-lines. On each side of the net,
at a distance of 21 feet (6.40m.) from it and parallel with it, shall
be drawn the service-lines. The space on each side of the net between
the service-line and the side-lines shall be divided into two equal parts
called the service-courts by the center service-line which must be 2 inches
(5cm.) in width, drawn half-way between, and parallel with, the side-lines.
Each base-line shall be bisected by an imaginary continuation of the center
service-line to a line 4 inches (lOcm.) in length and 2 inches (5cm.)
in width called the center mark drawn inside the Court, at right angles
to and in contact with such base-lines. All other lines shall be not less
than 1 inch (2.5cm.) nor more than 2 inches (5cm.) in width, except the
base-line, which may be 4 inches (10cm.) in width, and all measurements
shall be made to the outside of the lines. All lines shall be of uniform
colour.
If advertising or any other material is placed at the back of the court,
it may not contain white, or yellow. A light colour may only be used if
this does not interfere with the vision of the players.
If advertisements are placed on the chairs of the Linesmen sitting at
the back of the court, they may not contain white, or yellow. A light
colour may only be used if this does not interfere with the vision of
the players.
ITF Note 1: In the case of the Davis Cup or other Official
Championships of the International Tennis Federation, there shall be a
space behind each base-line of not less than 21 feet (6.4m.), and at the
sides of not less than 12 feet (3.66m.). The chairs of the linesmen may
be placed at the back of the court within the 21 feet or at the side of
the court within the 12 feet, provided they do not protrude into that
area more than 3 feet (.914m).
ITF Note 2: In the case of the stadium courts in the Davis
Cup World Group and the Federation Cup Main Draw there should be space
behind each baseline of not less than 27 feet (8.23m) and at the sides
of not less than 15 feet (4.57m).
ITF Note 3: At club or recreation level, the space behind each
baseline should be not less than 18 feet (5.5m) and at the sides not less
than 10 feet (3.05m).
RULE 2
Permanent Fixtures
The permanent fixtures of the Court shall include not only the net,
posts, singles sticks, cord or metal cable, strap and band, but also,
where there are any such, the back and side stops, the stands, fixed or
movable seats and chairs round the Court, and their occupants, all other
fixtures around and above the Court, and the Umpire, Net-cord Judge, Foot-fault
Judge, Linesmen and Ball Boys when in their respective places.
ITF Note: For the purpose of this Rule, the word "Umpire" comprehends
the Umpire, the persons entitled to a seat on the Court, and all those
persons designated to assist the Umpire in the conduct of a match.
The ball shall have a uniform outer surface and shall be white or yellow
in colour. If there are any seams, they shall be stitchless.
The ball shall be more than two and a half inches (6.35cm.) and less
than two and five-eighths inches (6.67cm.) in diameter, and more than
two ounces (56.7 grams) and less than two and one-sixteenth ounces (58.5
grams) in weight.
The ball shall have a bound of more than 53 inches (135cm.) and less
than 58 inches (147cm.) when dropped 100 inches (254cm.) upon a concrete
base.
The ball shall have a forward deformation of more than .220 of an inch
(.56cm.) and less than .290 of an inch (.74cm.) and a return deformation
of more than .315 of an inch (.80cm.) and less than .425 of an inch (1.08cm.)
at 18 lb. (8.165kg.) load. The two deformation figures shall be the averages
of three individual readings along three axes of the ball and no two individual
readings shall differ by more than .030 of an inch (.08cm.) in each case.
For play above 4,000 feet (1219m) in altitude above sea level, two additional
types of ball may be used. The first type is identical to those described
above except that the bound shall be more than 48 inches (121.92cm) and
less than 53 inches (135cm) and the ball shall have an internal pressure
that is greater than the external pressure. This type of tennis ball is
commonly known as a pressurized ball. The second type is identical to
those described above except that they shall have a bound of more than
53 inches (135cm) and less than 58 inches (147cm) and shall have an internal
pressure that is approximately equal to the external pressure and have
been acclimatized for 60 days or more at the altitude of the specific
tournament. This type of tennis ball is commonly known as a zero-pressure
or non-pressurized ball.
All tests for bound, size and deformation shall be made in accordance
with the Regulations in the Appendix hereto.
Rackets failing to comply with the following specifications are not approved
for play under the Rules of Tennis:
(a) The hitting surface of the rachet shall be flat and consist
of a pattern of crossed strings connected to a frame and alternately interlaced
or bonded where they cross; and the stringing pattern shall be generally
uniform, and in particular not less dense in the center than in any other
area. The strings shall be free of attached objects and protrusions other
than those utilized solely and specifically to limit or prevent wear and
tear or vibration and which are reasonable in size and placement for such
purposes.
(b) The frame of the racket shall not exceed 32 inches (81.28cm.)
in overall length, including the handle and 12.5 inches (31.75cm.) in
overall width. The strung surface shall not exceed 15.5 inches (39.37cm.)
in overall length, and 11.5 inches (29.21cm.) in overall width.
(c) The frame, including the handle, shall be free of attached
objects and devices other than those utilized solely and specifically
to limit or prevent wear and tear or vibration, or to distribute weight.
Any objects and devices must be reasonable in size and placement for such
purposes.
(d) The frame, including the handle and the strings, shall be
free of any device which makes it possible to change materially the shape
of the racket, or to change the weight distribution in the direction of
the longitudinal axis of the racket which would alter the swing moment
of inertia, during the playing of a point.
The International Tennis Federation shall rule on the question of whether
any racket or prototype complies with the above specifications or is otherwise
approved, or not approved, for play. Such ruling may be undertaken on
its own initiative, or upon application by any party with a bona fide
interest therein, including any player, equipment manufacturer or National
Association or members thereof. Such rulings and applications shall be
made in accordance with the applicable Review and Hearing Procedures of
the International Tennis Federation, copies of which may be obtained from
the office of the Secretary.
Case 1. Can there be more than one set of strings on the hitting
surface of a racket?
Decision. No. The rule clearly mentions a pattern, and not patterns,
of crossed strings.
Case 2. Is the stringing pattern of a racket considered to be
generally uniform and flat if the strings are on more than one plane?
Decision. No.
Case 3. Can a vibration dampening device be placed on the strings
of a racket and if so here can it be placed?
Decision. Yes; but such devices may only be placed outside the
pattern of crossed strings.
RULE 5
Server and Receiver
The players shall stand on opposite sides of the net; the player who first
delivers the ball shall be called the Server, and the other the Receiver.
Case 1. Does a player, attempting stroke, lose the point if he
crosses an imaginary line in the extension of the net,
(a) before striking the ball,
(b) after striking the ball?
Decision. He does not lose the point in either case by crossing
the imaginary line and provided he does not enter the lines bounding his
opponents Court (Rule 20 (e)) In regard to hindrance,
his opponent my ask for the decision of the Umpire under Rules
21 and 25.
Case 2. The Server claims that the Receiver must stand within
the lines bounding his Court. Is this necessary?
Decision. No. The Receiver my stand wherever he pleases on his
own side of the net.
RULE 6
Choice of Ends and Service
The choice of ends and the right to be Server or Receiver in the first
game shall be decided by toss. The player winning the toss may choose
or require his opponent to choose:
(a) The right to be Server or Receiver, in which case the other
player shall choose the end; or
(b) The end, in which case the other player shall choose the
right to be Server or Receiver.
[USTA Comment: The toss shall be made before the warm-up. Choices
should be made promptly after the toss and are irrevocable, except that
if the match is postponed or suspended before the start of the match.]
The service shall be delivered in the following manner. Immediately
before commencing to serve, the Server shall stand with both feet at rest
behind (i.e. further from the net than) the base-line, and within the
imaginary continuations of the center-mark and side-line. The Server shall
then project the ball by hand into the air in any direction and before
it hits the ground strike it with his racket, and the delivery shall be
deemed to have been completed at the moment of the impact of the racket
and the ball. A player with the use of only one arm may utilize his racket
for the projection.
[USTA Comment: The service begins when the Server takes a ready
position (i.e., both feet at rest behind the baseline) and ends when his
racket makes contact with the ball or when he misses the ball in attempting
to serve it.]
[USTA Comment: There is no restriction regarding the kind of
service which may be used; that is, the player may use an underhand or
overhand service at his discretion.]
Case 1. May the Server in a singles game take his stand behind
the portion of the base-line between the side-lines of the Singles Court
and the Doubles Court?
Decision. No.
[USTA Comment: The server may stand anywhere in back of the baseline
between the imaginary extensions of the center mark and the singles sideline.]
Case 2. If a player, when serving, throws up two or more balls
instead of one, does he lose that service?
Decision. No. A let should be called, but if the Umpire regards
the action as deliberate he may take action under Rule
21.
[USTA Comment: There is no restriction regarding the kind of
service which may be used; that is, the player may use an underhand or
overhand service at his discretion.]
(a) The Server shall throughout the delivery of the service:
(i) Not change his position by walking or running. The Server
shall not by slight movements of the feet which do not materially affect
the location originally taken up by him, be deemed "to change his position
by walking or running".
(ii) Not touch, with either foot, any area other than that behind
the base-line within the imaginary extensions of the center mark and side-lines.
(b) The word "foot" means the extremity of the leg below the
ankle.
[USTA Comment: This rule covers the most decisive stroke in the
game, and there is no justification for its not being obeyed by players
and enforced by officials. No official has the right to instruct any umpire
to disregard violations of it. In a non-officiated match, the Receiver,
or his partner, may call foot faults after all efforts (appeal to the
server, request for an umpire, etc.) have failed and the foot faulting
is so flagrant as to be clearly perceptible from the Receiver's side.
It is improper for any official to warn a player that he is in danger
of having a foot fault called on him. On the other hand if a player in
all sincerity, asks for an explanation of how he foot faulted, either
the Line Umpire or the Chair Umpire should give him that information.]
RULE 9
Delivery of Service
(a) In delivering the service, the Server shall stand alternately
behind the right and left Courts beginning from the right in every game.
If service from a wrong half of the Court occurs and is undetected, all
play resulting from such wrong service or services shall stand, but the
inaccuracy of station shall be corrected immediately it is discovered.
(b) The ball served shall pass over the net
and hit the ground within the Service Court which is diagonally opposite,
or upon any line bounding such Court, before the Receiver returns it.
The Service is a fault:
(a) If the Server commits any breach of Rules 7,
8 or 9(b);
(b) If he misses the ball in attempting to strike it;
(c) If the ball served touches a permanent
fixture (other than the net, strap or band) before it hits the ground.
Case 1. After throwing a ball up preparatory to serving the Server
decides not to strike at it and catches it instead. Is it a fault?
Decision. No.
[USTA Comment: As long as the Server makes no attempt to strike
the ball it is immaterial whether he catches it in his hand or on his
racket or lets it drop to the ground.]
Case 2. In serving in a singles game played on a Doubles Court
with doubles posts and singles sticks the ball hits a singles stick and
then hits the ground within the lines of the correct Service Court. Is
this a fault or a let?
Decision. In serving it is a fault because the singles stick
the doubles post and that portion of the net or band between them are
permanent fixtures. (Rules 2 and 10
and note to Rule 24.).
[USTA Comment: The significant point governing Case 2 is that
the part of the net and band outside the singles sticks is not part of
the net over which this singles match is being played. Thus such a serve
is a fault under the provisions of Article (c) above . . . By the same
token this would be a fault also if it were a singles game played with
permanent posts in the singles position. See Case 1 under
Rule 24 for difference between "service" and "good return" with respect
to a ball's hitting a net post.]
RULE 11
Second Service
After a fault (if it is the first fault) the Server shall serve again
from behind the same half of the Court from which he served that fault,
unless the service was from the wrong half, when, in accordance with Rule
9, the Server shall be entitled to one service only from behind the
other half.
Case 1. A player serves from a wrong Court. He loses the point
and then claims it was a fault because of his wrong station.
Decision. The point stands as played and the next service should
be from the correct station according to the score.
Case 2. The point score being 15 all the Server by mistake serves
from the left-hand Court. He wins the point. He then serves again from
the right-hand Court delivering a fault. This mistake in station is then
discovered. Is he entitled to the previous point? From which Court should
he next serve?
Decision. The previous point stands. The next service should
be from the left-hand Court the score being 30/15 and the Server has served
one fault.
The Server shall not serve until the Receiver is ready. If the latter
attempts to return the service, he shall be deemed ready. If, however,
the Receiver signifies that he is not ready, he may not claim a fault
because the ball does not hit the ground within the limits fixed for the
service.
[USTA Comment: The Server must wait until
the Receiver is ready for the second service as well as the first, and
if the Receiver claims to be not ready and does not make any effort to
return a service, the Server's claim for the point may not be honored
even though the service was good. However, the Receiver, having indicated
he is ready, may not become unready unless some outside interference takes
place.
In all cases where a let has to be called under the rules, or to provide
for an interruption to play, it shall have the following interpretations:
(a) When called solely in respect of a service that one service
only shall be replayed.
(b) When called under any other circumstance, the point shall
be replayed.
Case 1. A service is interrupted by some cause outside those
defined in Rule 14. Should the service only be replayed?
Decision. No the whole point must be replayed.
[USTA Comment: If the interruption occurs during delivery of
the second service, the Server gets two serves. Example: On a second service
a linesman calls "fault" and immediately corrects it, the Receiver meanwhile
having let the ball go by. The Server is entitled to two serves, on this
ground: The corrected call means that the Server has put the ball into
play with a good service, and once the ball is in play and a let is called,
the point must be replayed. Note, however, that if the serve is an unmistakable
ace - that is, the Umpire is sure that the erroneous call had no part
in the Receiver's inability to play the ball - the point should be declared
for the Server.
If a delay between first and second serves is caused by the Receiver,
by an official or by an outside interference the whole point shall be
replayed; if the delay is caused by the Server, the Server has one serve
to come. A spectator's outcry (of "out", "fault" or other) is not a valid
basis for replay of a point, but action should be taken to prevent a recurrence.]
Case 2. If a ball in play becomes broken, should a let be called?
Decision. Yes.
[USTA Comment: A ball shall be regarded as having become "broken"
if, in the opinion of the Chair Umpire, it is found to have lost compression
to the point of being unfit for further play, or unfit for any reason,
and it is clear the defective ball was the one in play.]
RULE 14
The "Let" in Service
The service is a let:
(a) If the ball served touches the net, strap
or band, and is otherwise good, or, after touching the net, strap or band,
touches the Receiver or anything which he wears or carries before hitting
the ground.
(b) If a service or a fault is delivered when the Receiver is
not ready (see Rule 12).
In case of a let, that particular service shall not count, and the Server
shall serve again, but a service let does not annul a previous fault.
RULE 15
Order of Service
At the end of the first game the Receiver shall become Server, and the
Server Receiver; and so on alternately in all the subsequent games of
a match. If a player serves out of turn, the player who ought to have
served shall serve as soon as the mistake is discovered, but all points
scored before such discovery shall be reckoned. If a game shall have been
completed before such discovery, the order of service remains as altered.
A fault served before such discovery shall not be reckoned.
RULE 16
When Players Change Ends
The players shall change ends at the end of the first, third and every
subsequent alternate game of each set, and at the end of each set unless
the total number of games in such set is even, in which case the change
is not made until the end of the first game of the next set.
If a mistake is made and the correct sequence is not followed the players
must take up their correct station as soon as the discovery is made and
follow their original sequence.
RULE 17
The Ball in Play
A ball is in play from the moment at which it is delivered in service.
Unless a fault or a let is called it remains in play until the point is
decided.
[USTA Comment: A point is not decided simply when, or because,
a good shot has clearly passed a player, or when an apparently bad shot
passes over a baseline or sideline. An outgoing ball is still definitely
in play until it actually strikes the ground, backstop or a permanent
fixture (other than the net, posts, singles sticks, cord or metal cable,
strap or band), or a player. The same applies to a good ball, bounding
after it has landed in the proper court. A ball that becomes imbedded
in the net is out of play.]
[USTA Comment: When a ball is hit into the net and the player
on the other side, thinking the ball is coming over, strikes at it and
hits the next he loses the point if his touching the net occurs while
the ball is still in play.]
Case 1. A player fails to make a good return.
No call is made and the ball remains in play. May his opponent later claim
the point after the rally has ended?
Decision. No. The point may not be claimed if the players continue
to play after he error has been made, provided the opponent was not hindered.
[USTA Comment: An out call on A's shot to B's court must be made
before B's shot has either gone out of play or has been hit by A. See
Case 3 under Rule 29 regarding this situation in
an umpired match.]
RULE 18
Server Wins Point
The Server wins the point:
(a) If the ball served, not being a let under Rule
14, touches the Receiver or anything which he wears or carries, before
it hits the ground;
(b) If the Receiver otherwise loses the point as provided by
Rule 20.
RULE 19
Receiver Wins Point
The Receiver wins the point:
(a) If the Server serves two consecutive faults;
(b) If the Server otherwise loses the point as provided by Rule
20.
RULE 20
Player Loses Point
A player loses the point if:
(a) He fails, before the ball in play has hit the ground twice
consecutively, to return it directly over the net (except as provided
in Rule 24(a) or (c)); or
(b) He returns the ball in play so that it hits the ground, a
permanent fixture, or other object, outside any of the lines which bound
his opponent's Court (except as provided in Rule 24(a)
or (c)); or
[USTA Comment: A ball hitting a scoring device or other object
attached to a net post results in loss of point to the striker.]
(c) He volleys the ball and fails to make
a good return even when standing outside the Court; or
(d) In playing the ball he deliberately carries
or catches it on his racket or deliberately touches it with his racket
more than once; or
[USTA Comment: Only when there is a definite "second push " by
the player does his shot become illegal, with consequent loss of point.
The word 'deliberately' is the key word in this rule. Two hits occurring
in the course of a single continuous swing are not deemed a double hit.]
(e) He or his racket (in his hand or otherwise)
or anything which he wears or carries touches the net, posts, singles
sticks, cord or metal cable, strap or band, or the ground within his opponent's
Court at any time while the ball is in play; or
[USTA Comment: Touching a pipe support that runs across the court
at the bottom of the net is interpreted as touching the net; See USTA
Comment under Rule 23 for a ball which hits a pipe support.]
(f) He volleys the ball before it has passed the net; or
(g) The ball in play touches him or anything
that he wears or carries, except his racket in his hand or hands; or
[USTA Comment: This loss of point occurs regardless of whether
the player is inside or outside the bounds of his court when the ball
touches him.]
(h) He throws his racket at and hits the ball;
or
(i) He deliberately and materially changes the shape of his racket
during the playing of the point.
Case 1. In serving, the racket flies from the Server's hand and
touches the net before the ball has touched the ground. Is his a fault
or does the player lose he point?
Decision. The Server loses the point because his racket touches
the net while the ball is in play (Rule 20 (e)).
Case 2. In serving the racket flies from the Server's hand and
touches the net after the ball has touched the ground outside the proper
court. Is this a fault or does the player lose the point?
Decision. This is a fault because the ball was out of play when
he racket touched the net.
Case 3. A and B are playing against C and D. A is serving to
D. C touches the net before the ball touches the ground. A fault is then
called because the service falls outside the Service Court. Do C and D
lose he point?
Decision. The call "fault" is an erroneous one. C and D had already
lost the point before "fault" could be called because C touched the net
whilst the ball was in play (Rule 20 (e)).
Case 4. May a player jump over the net into his opponent's Court
while the ball is in play and not suffer penalty?
Decision. No. He loses the point (Rule 20 (e)).
Case 5. A cuts the ball just over the net and it returns to A's
side. B, unable to reach the ball, throws his racket and hits the ball.
Both racket and ball fall over the net on A's Court. A returns the ball
outside of B's Court. Does B win or lose the point?
Decision. B loses the point (Rule 20 (e)
and (h)).
Case 6. A player standing outside the service Court is struck
by a service ball before it has touched the ground. Does he win or lose
the point?
Decision. The player struck loses the point (Rule
20 (d), except as provided under Rule 14 (a).
Case 7. A player standing outside the Court volleys the ball
or catches it in his hand and claims the point because the ball was certainly
going out of court.
Decision. In no circumstances can he claim the point.
(1) If he catches the ball he loses the point under Rule
20 (g)
(2) If he volleys it and makes a bad return he loses he point
under Rule 20 (c).
(3) If he volleys it and makes a good return the rally continues.
RULE 21
Player Hinders Opponent
If a player commits any act which hinders his opponent in making a stroke,
then, if this is deliberate, he shall lose the point or if involuntary,
the point shall be replayed.
[USTA Comment: 'Deliberate' means a player did what he intended
to do, although the resulting effect on his opponent might or might not
have been what he intended. Example: a player, after his return is in
the air, gives advice to his partner in such a loud voice that his opponent
is hindered. 'Involuntary' means a non-intentional act such as a hat blowing
off or a scream resulting from a sudden wasp sting.]
[USTA Comment: Upon appeal by a competitor that the server's
action in discarding a "second ball" after a rally has started constitutes
a distraction (hindrance), the Umpire, if he deems the claim valid, shall
require the server to make some other satisfactory disposition of the
ball. Failure to comply with this instruction shall result in loss of
a point on each occasion.]
Case 1. Is a player liable to a penalty if in making a stroke
he touches his opponent?
Decision. No, unless the Umpire deems it necessary to take action
under Rule 21.
Case 2. When a ball bounds back over the net the player concerned
may reach over the net in order to play he ball. What is the ruling if
the player is hindered from doing this by his opponent?
Decision. In accordance with Rule 21 the Umpire
may either award the point to the player hindered or order the point to
be replayed (See also Rule 25).
Case 3. Does an involuntary double hit constitute an act which
hinders an opponent within Rule 21?
Decision. No.
RULE 22
Ball Falls on Line
A ball falling on a line is regarded as falling in the Court bounded by
that line.
[USTA Comment: In a non-officiated singles match, each player
makes the call on any ball hit toward his side of the net. If a player
cannot call a ball out with surety he should regard it as good. In doubles,
normally the Receiver's partner makes the calls with respect to the service
line, with the Receiver calling on the side and center lines, but either
partner may make the call on any ball he clearly sees out.]
RULE 23
Ball Touches Permanent Fixtures
If the ball in play touches a permanent fixture other than the net,
posts, singles sticks, cord or metal cable, strap or band) after it has
hit the ground, the player who struck it wins the point; if before it
hits the ground, his opponent wins the point.
[USTA Comment: A ball in play that strikes
a pipe support running across the court at the base of the net is treated
the same as a ball landing on clear ground. See also Rule
20(e) for a player who touches a pipe support.]
Case 1. A return hits the Umpire or his chair or stand. The player
claims that the ball was going into Court.
Decision. He loses the point.
It is a good return:
(a) If the ball touches the net, posts, singles
sticks, cord or metal cable, strap or band, provided that it passes over
any of them and hits the ground within the court; or
(b) If the ball, served or returned, hits the ground within the
proper Court and rebounds or is blown back over the net, and the player
whose turn it is to strike reaches over the net and plays the ball, provided
that neither he nor any part of his clothes or racket touches the net,
posts, singles sticks, cord or metal cable strap or band or the ground
within his opponent's Court, and that the stroke is otherwise good, or
(c) If the ball is returned outside the posts,
or singles sticks, either above or below the level of the top of the net,
even though it touches the posts or singles sticks, provided that it hits
the ground within the proper Court, or
(d) If a player's racket passes over the net
after he has returned the ball provided the ball passes the net before
being played and is properly returned; or
(e) If a player succeeds in returning the ball, served or in
play, which strikes a ball lying in the Court.
[USTA Comment: Paragraph (e) of the rule refers to a ball lying
on the court at the start of the point, as a result of a service let or
fault, or as a result of a player dropping it. If a ball in play strikes
a rolling or stationary "foreign" ball that has come from elsewhere after
the point started, a let should be played. See Case 7 under Rule
25 and note that it pertains to an object other than a ball that is
being used in the match.]
Note to Rule 24: In a singles
match, if, for the sake of convenience, a doubles Court is equipped with
singles sticks for the purpose of a singles game then the doubles posts
and those portions of the net, cord or metal cable and the band outside
such singles sticks shall at all times be permanent fixtures, and are
not regarded as posts or parts of the net of a singles game.
A return that passes under the net cord between the singles stick and
adjacent doubles post without touching either net cord, net or doubles
post and falls within the court, is a good return.
[USTA Comment: But in doubles this would be a "through" -- loss of point.]
Case 1. A ball going out of Court hits a
net post or singles stick and falls within the lines of the opponent's
Court. Is the stroke good?
Decision. It a service: no, under Rule 10 (c).
If other than a service yes, under Rule 24 (d).
Case 2. Is it a good return if a player returns the ball holding
his racket in both hands?
Decision. Yes.
Case 3. The service, or ball in play, strikes a ball lying in
the Court. Is the point won or lost thereby?
[USTA Comment: A ball that is touching a boundary line is considered
to be "lying in the court".]
Decision. No. Play must continue. If it is not clear to the Umpire
that the right ball is returned a let should be called.
Case 4. May a player use more than one racket at any time during
play?
Decision. No; the whole implication of the Rules is singular.
Case 5. May a player request that a ball or balls lying in his
opponent's Court be removed?
Decision. Yes, but not while a ball is in play.
[USTA Comment: The request must be honored.]
RULE 25
Hindrance of a Player
In case a player is hindered in making a stroke by anything not within
his control, except a permanent fixture of the Court, or except as provided
for in Rule 21, a let shall be called.
[USTA Comment: See Rule 13 and its USTA Comments
regarding lets.]
Case 1. A spectator gets into the way of a player, who fails
to return the ball. May the player then claim a let?
Decision. Yes, if in the Umpire's opinion he was obstructed by
circumstances beyond his control, but not it due to permanent fixtures
of the Court or the arrangements of the ground.
Case 2. A player is interfered with as in Case No. 1, and the
Umpire calls a let. The Server had previously served a fault. Has he the
right to two services?
Decision. Yes: as the ball is in play, the point, not merely
the stroke, must be replayed as the Rule provides.
Case 3. May a player claim a let under Rule 25
because he thought his opponent was being hindered, and consequently did
not expect the ball to be returned?
Decision. No.
Case 4. Is a stroke good when a ball in play hits another ball
in the air?
Decision. A let should be called unless the other ball is in
the air by the act of one of the players, in which case the Umpire will
decide under Rule 21.
Case 5. If an Umpire or other judge erroneously calls "fault"
or "out", and then corrects himself, which of the calls shall prevail?
Decision. A let must be called unless in the opinion of the Umpire,
neither player is hindered in his game, in which case the corrected call
shall prevail.
Case 6. If the first ball served, a fault, rebounds, interfering
with the Receiver at the time of the second service, may the Receiver
claim a let?
Decision. Yes. But if he had an opportunity to remove the ball
from the Court and negligently failed to do so, he may not claim a let.
Case 7. Is it a good stroke if the ball touches a stationary
or moving object on the Court?
Decision. It is a good stroke unless the stationary object came
into Court after the ball was put into play, in which case a let must
be called. If the ball in play strikes an object moving along or above
the surface of the Court, a let must be called.
Case 8. What is the ruling if the first service is a fault, the
second service correct, and it becomes necessary to call a let either
under the provision of Rule 25 or if the Umpire is
unable to decide the point?
Decision. The fault shall be annulled and the whole point replayed.
RULE 26
Score in a Game
If a player wins his first point, the score is called 15 for that player;
on winning his second point, the score is called 30 for that player; on
winning his third point, the score is called 40 for that player, and the
fourth point won by a player is scored game for that player except as
below:
If both players have won three points, the score is called deuce; and
the next point won by a player is scored advantage for that player. If
the same player wins the next point, he wins the game; if the other player
wins the next point the score is again called deuce; and so on, until
a player wins the two points immediately following the score at deuce,
when the game is scored for that player.
[USTA Comment: In an non-officiated match the Server should announce,
in a voice audible to his opponent and spectators, the set score at the
beginning of each game, and point scores as the game goes on. Misunderstandings
will be avoided if this practice is followed.]
RULE 27
Score in a Set
(a) A player (or players) who first wins six games wins a set,
except that he must win by a margin of two games over his opponent and
where necessary a set is extended until this margin is achieved.
(b) The tie-break system of scoring may be adopted as an alternative
to the advantage set system in paragraph (a) of this Rule provided the
decision is announced in advance of the match.
In this case, the following Rules shall be effective:
The tie-break shall operate when the score reaches six games all in
any set except in the third or fifth set of a three set or five set match
respectively when an ordinary advantage set shall be played, unless otherwise
decided and announced in advance of the match.
The following system shall be used in a tie-break game.
Singles
(i) A player who first wins seven points shall win the game and
the set provided he leads by a margin of two points. If the score reaches
six points all the game shall be extended until this margin has been achieved.
Numerical scoring shall be used throughout the tie-break game.
(ii) The player whose turn it is to serve shall be the server
for the first point. His opponent shall be the server for the second and
third points and thereafter each player shall serve alternately for two
consecutive points until the winner of the game and set has been decided.
(iii) From the first point, each service shall be delivered alternately
from the right and left courts, beginning from the right court. If service
from a wrong half of the court occurs and is undetected, all play resulting
from such wrong service or services shall stand, but the inaccuracy of
station shall be corrected immediately after it is discovered.
(iv) Players shall change ends after every six points and at
the conclusion of the tie-break game.
(v) The tie-break game shall count as one game for the ball change,
except that, if the balls are due to be changed at the beginning of the
tie-break, the change shall be delayed until the second game of the following
set.
Doubles
In doubles the procedure for singles shall apply. The player whose turn
it is to serve shall be the server for the first point. Thereafter each
player shall serve in rotation for two points, in the same order as previously
in that set, until the winners of the game and set have been decided.
Rotation of Service
The player (or pair in the case of doubles) who served first in the
tie-break game shall receive service in the first game of the following
set.
Case 1. At six-all the tie-break is played, although it has been
decided and announced in advance of the match that an advantage set will
be played. Are the points already played counted?
Decision. It the error is discovered before the ball is put in
play for the second point, the first point shall count but the error shall
be corrected immediately. If the error is discovered after the ball is
put in play for the second point the game shall continue as a tie-break
game.
Case 2. At six all, an advantage game is played, although it
has been decided and announced in advance of the match that a tie-break
will be played. Are the points already played counted?
Decision. If the error is discovered before the ball is put in
play for the second point, the first point shall be counted but the error
shall be corrected immediately. If the error is discovered after the ball
is put in play for the second point an advantage set shall be continued.
If the score thereafter reaches eight games all or a higher even number,
a tie-break shall be played.
Case 3. If during a tie-break in a singles
or doubles game, a player serves out of turn, shall the order of service
remain as altered until the end of the game?
Decision. If a player has completed his turn of service the order
of service shall remain as altered. If the error is discovered before
a player has completed his turn of service the order of service shall
be corrected immediately and any points already played shall count.
RULE 28
Maximum Number of Sets
The maximum number of sets in a match shall be 5, or, where women take
part, 3.
RULE 29
Role of Court Officials
In matches where an Umpire is appointed his decision shall be final,
but where a Referee is appointed, an appeal shall lie to him from the
decision of an Umpire on a question of law, and in all such cases the
decision of the Referee shall be final.
In matches where assistants to the Umpire are appointed (Linesmen, Net-cord
Judges, Foot-fault Judges) their decisions shall be final on questions
of fact, except that if in the opinion of an Umpire a clear mistake has
been made, he shall have the right to change the decision of an assistant
or order a let to be played. When such an assistant is unable to give
a decision he shall indicate this immediately to the Umpire who shall
give a decision. When an Umpire is unable to give a decision on a question
of fact he shall order a let to be played.
In Davis Cup matches or other team competitions where a Referee is on
Court, any decision can be changed by the Referee, who may also instruct
an Umpire to order a let to be played.
The Referee, in his discretion, may at any time postpone a match on
account of darkness or the condition of the ground or the weather. In
any case of postponement the previous score and previous occupancy of
Courts shall hold good, unless the Referee and the players unanimously
agree otherwise.
[USTA Comment: See fourth USTA Comment under
Rule 30 regarding resumption of suspended match.]
Case 1. The Umpire orders a let, but a player claims that the
point should not be replayed. May the Referee be requested to give a decision?
Decision. Yes. A question of tennis law, that is an issue relating
to the application of specific facts, shall first be determined by the
Umpire. However, if the Umpire is uncertain or if a player appeals from
his determination, then the Referee shall be requested to give a decision,
and his decision is final.
Case 2. A ball is called out but a player claims that the ball
was good. May the Referee give a ruling?
Decision. No. This is a question of fact, that is an issue relating
to what actually occurred during a specific incident, and the decision
of the on-court officials is therefore final.
Case 3. May an Umpire overrule a Linesman
at the end of a rally if, in his opinion, a clear mistake has been made
during the course of a rally?
Decision. No, unless in his opinion the opponent was hindered.
Otherwise an Umpire may only overrule a Linesman if he does so immediately
after the mistake has been made.
[USTA Comment: See Rule 17 Case 1 regarding
non-officiated matches.]
Case 4. A Linesman calls a ball out. The Umpire was unable to
see clearly, although he thought the ball was in. May he overrule the
Linesman?
Decision. No. An Umpire may only overrule if he considers that
a call was incorrect beyond all reasonable doubt. He may only overrule
a ball determined good by a Linesman if he has been able to see a space
between the ball and the line; and he may only overrule a ball determined
out, or a fault, by a Linesman if he has seen the ball hit the line, or
fall inside the line.
Case 5. May a Linesman change his call after the Umpire has given
the score?
Decision. Yes. If a Linesman realizes he has made an error, he
may make a correction provided he does so immediately.
Case 6. A player claims his return shot was good after a Linesman
called out. May the Umpire overrule the Linesman?
Decision. No. An Umpire may never overrule as a result of a protest
or an appeal by a player.
RULE 30
Continuous Play and Rest Periods
Play shall be continuous from the first service until the match is concluded,
in accordance with the following provisions:
(a) If the first service is a fault, the second service must
be struck by the Server without delay.
The Receiver must play to the reasonable pace of the Server and must
be ready to receive when the Server is ready to serve.
When changing ends a maximum of one minute thirty seconds shall elapse
from the moment the ball goes out of play at the end of the game to the
time the ball is struck for the first point of the next game.
The Umpire shall use his discretion when there is interference which
makes it impractical for play to be continuous.
The organizers of international circuits and team events recognized
by the ITF may determine the time allowed between points, which shall
not at any time exceed 20 seconds from the moment the ball goes out of
play at the end of one point to the time the ball is struck for the next
point.
[USTA Comment: The 20 second rule applies only to certain international
circuits and team events recognized by the ITF. When practical, in USTA
sanctioned tournaments using a certified official in direct observation
of the match, the time which shall elapse from the moment the ball goes
out of play at the end of the point to the time the ball is struck shall
not exceed 25 seconds.]
(b) Play shall never be suspended, delayed or interfered with
for the purpose of enabling a player to recover his strength, breath,
or physical condition.
However, in the case of accidental injury, the Umpire may allow a one-time
three minute suspension for that injury.
(c) If, through circumstances outside the control of the player,
his clothing, footwear or equipment (excluding racket) becomes out of
adjustment in such a way that it is impossible or undesirable for him
to play on, the Umpire may suspend play while the maladjustment is rectified.
[USTA Comment: If equipment other than a racket becomes unusable
through circumstances outside the control of the player, play may be suspended
for a reasonable period and the player may leave the court to correct
the problem. If a racket or racket string is broken, Rule 30 does not
permit play to be suspended. A player who leaves the court to get a replacement
is subject to code violation(s) under the Point Penalty System.]
[USTA Comment: Loss of, or damage to, a
contact lens or eyeglasses shall be treated as equipment maladjustment.
All players must follow the same rules with respect to suspending play,
even though in misty but playable weather, a player who wears glasses
may be handicapped.]
(d) The Umpire may suspend or delay play at any time as may be
necessary and appropriate.
[USTA Comment: When a match is resumed after a suspension of
more than ten minutes, it is permissible for the players to engage in
a re-warm-up that may be of the same duration as that at the start of
the match. The preferred method is to warm-up with other used balls and
then insert the match balls when play starts. If the match balls are used
in the re-warm-up, then the next ball change will be two games sooner.
There shall be no re-warm-up after an authorized intermission or after
a suspension of ten minutes or less.]
(e) After the third set, or when women take
part the second set, either player is entitled to a rest, which shall
not exceed 10 minutes, or in countries situated between latitude 15 degrees
north and latitude 15 degrees south, 45 minutes and furthermore, when
necessitated by circumstances not within the control of the players, the
Umpire may suspend play for such a period as he may consider necessary.
If play is suspended and is not resumed until a later day the rest may
be taken only after the third set (or when women take part the second
set) of play on such a later day, completion of an unfinished set being
counted as one set.
If play is suspended and is not resumed until 10 minutes have elapsed
in the same day the rest may be taken only after three consecutive sets
have been played without interruption (or when women take part two sets),
completion of an unfinished set being counted as one set.
Any nation and/or committee organizing a tournament, match or competition,
other than the International Tennis Championships (Davis Cup and Federation
Cup), is at liberty to modify this provision or omit it from its regulations
provided this is announced before the event commences.
(f) A tournament committee has the discretion to decide the time
allowed for a warm-up period prior to a match but this may not exceed
five minutes and must be announced before the event commences.
[USTA Comment: When there are no ballpersons this time may be
extended to ten minutes.]
(g) When approved point penalty and non-accumulative point penalty
systems are in operation, the Umpire shall make his decisions within the
terms of those systems.
(h) Upon violation of the principle that play shall be continuous
the Umpire may, after giving due warning, disqualify the offender.
During the playing of a match in a team competition, a player may receive
coaching from a captain who is sitting on the court only when he changes
ends at the end of a game, but not when he changes ends during a tie-break
game.
A player may not receive coaching during the playing of any other match.
After due warning an offending player may be disqualified. When an approved
point penalty system is in operation, the Umpire shall impose penalties
according to that system.
Case 1. Should a warning be given, or the player be disqualified,
if the coaching is given by signals in an unobtrusive manner?
Decision. The Umpire must take action as soon as he becomes aware
that coaching is being given verbally or by signals. If the Umpire is
unaware that coaching is being given, a player may draw his attention
to the fact that advice is being given.
Case 2. Can a player receive coaching during an authorized rest
period under Rule 30(e), or when play is interrupted
and he leaves the court?
Decision. Yes. In these circumstances, when the player is not
on the court, there is no restriction on coaching.
ITF Note: The word "coaching" includes any advice or instruction.
[USTA Comment: Coaching is not permitted in the USTA Adult and
Senior League Program except during authorized rest periods.]
RULE 32
Changing Balls
In cases where balls are to be changed after a specified number of games,
if the balls are not changed in the correct sequence, the mistake shall
be corrected when the player, or pair in the case of doubles, who should
have served with new balls is next due to serve. Thereafter the balls
shall be changed so that the number of games between changes shall be
that originally agreed.
The above Rules shall apply to the Doubles Game except as below.
RULE 34
The Doubles Court
For the Doubles Game, the Court shall be 36 feet (10.97m.) in width,
i.e. 4.5 feet (1.37m.) wider on each side than the Court for the Singles
Game, and those portions of the singles side-lines which lie between the
two service-lines shall be called the service side-lines. In other respects,
the Court shall be similar to that described in Rule 1,
but the portions of the singles side-lines between the base-line and service-line
on each side of the net may be omitted if desired.
[USTA Comment: The Server has the right in doubles to stand anywhere
back of the baseline between the center mark imaginary extension and the
doubles sideline imaginary extension.]
RULE 35
Order of Service in Doubles
The order of serving shall be decided at the beginning of each set as follows:
The pair who have to serve in the first game of each set shall decide
which partner shall do so and the opposing pair shall decide similarly
for the second game. The partner of the player who served in the first
game shall serve in the third; the partner of the player who served in
the second game shall serve in the fourth, and so on in the same order
in all the subsequent games of a set.
Case 1. In doubles one player does not appear in time to play,
and his partner claims to be allowed to play single-handed against the
opposing players. May he do so?
Decision. No.
RULE 36
Order of Receiving in Doubles
The order of receiving the service shall be decided at the beginning
of each set as follows:
The pair who have to receive the service in the first game shall decide
which partner shall receive the first service, and that partner shall
continue to receive the first service in every odd game throughout that
set. The opposing pair shall likewise decide which partner shall receive
the first service in the second game and that partner shall continue to
receive the first service in every even game throughout that set. Partners
shall receive the service alternately throughout each game.
Case 1. Is it allowable in doubles for the server's partner or
the Receiver's partner to stand in a position that obstructs the view
of the Receiver?
Decision. Yes. The Server's partner or the Receiver's partner
may take any position on his side of the net in or out of the Court that
he wishes.
RULE 37
Service Out of Turn in Doubles
If a partner serves out of his turn, the partner who ought to have served
shall serve as soon as the mistake is discovered, but all points scored,
and any faults served before such discovery, shall be reckoned. If a game
shall have been completed before such discovery, the order of service
remains as altered.
[USTA Comment: For an exception to Rule 37
see Case 3 under Rule 27.]
RULE 38
Error in Order of Receiving in Doubles
If during a game the order of receiving the service is changed by the
Receivers it shall remain as altered until the end of the game in which
the mistake is discovered, but the partners shall resume their original
order of receiving in the next game of that set in which they are Receivers
of the service.
RULE 39
Service Fault in Doubles
The service is a fault as provided for by Rule 10,
or if the ball touches the Server's partner or anything which he wears
or carries, but if the ball served touches the partner of the Receiver,
or anything which he wears or carries, not being a let under Rule
14(a) before it hits the ground, the Server wins the point.
RULE 40
Playing the Ball in Doubles
The ball shall be struck alternately by one or other player of the opposing
pairs, and if a player touches the ball in play with his racket in contravention
of this Rule, his opponents win the point.
[USTA Comment: The partners themselves do not have to "alternate"
in making returns. In the course of making one return, only one member
of a doubles team may hit the ball. If both of them hit the ball, either
simultaneously or consecutively, it is an illegal return. Mere clashing
of rackets does not make a return illegal unless it is clear that more
than one racket touched the ball.]
ITF Note: Except where otherwise stated, every reference in these
rules to the masculine includes the feminine gender.
APPENDIX I
Regulations for Making Tests Specified in Rule 3
1. Unless otherwise specified all tests shall be made at a temperature
of approximately 68° Fahrenheit (20° Centigrade) and a relative
humidity of approximately 60 per cent. All balls should be removed from
their container and kept at the recognized temperature and humidity for
24 hours prior to testing, and shall be at that temperature and humidity
when the test is commenced.
2. Unless otherwise specified the limits are for a test conducted
in an atmospheric pressure resulting in a barometric reading of approximately
30 inches (76cm.).
3. Other standards may be fixed for localities where the average
temperature, humidity or average barometric pressure at which the game
is being played differs materially from 68° Fahrenheit (20°
Centigrade), 60 per cent and 30 inches (76cm.) respectively.
Applications for such adjusted standards may be made by any National
Association to the International Tennis Federation and if approved shall
be adopted for such localities.
4. In all tests for diameter a ring gauge shall be used consisting
of a metal plate, preferably non-corrosive, of a uniform thickness of
one-eighth of an inch (.32cm.) in which there are two circular openings
2.575 inches (6.54cm.) and 2.700 inches (6.86cm.) in diameter respectively.
The inner surface of the gauge shall have a convex profile with a radius
of one-sixteenth of an inch (.16cm.). The ball shall not drop through
the smaller opening by its own weight and shall drop through the larger
opening by its own weight.
5. In all tests for deformation conducted under Rule
3, the machine designed by Percy Herbert Stevens and patented in Great
Britain under Patent No. 230250, together with the subsequent additions
and improvements thereto, including the modifications required to take
return deformations, shall be employed or such other machine which is
approved by a National Association and gives equivalent readings to the
Stevens machine.
6. Procedure for carrying out tests.
(a) Pre-compression. Before any ball is tested it shall be steadily
compressed by approximately one inch (2.54cm.) on each of three diameters
at right angles to one another in succession; this process to be carried
out three times (nine compressions in all). All tests to be completed
within two hours of precompression.
(b) Bound test (as in Rule 3). Measurements
are to be taken from the concrete base to the bottom of the ball.
(c) Size test (as in paragraph 4 above).
(d) Weight test (as in Rule 3).
(e) Deformation test. The ball is placed in position on the modified
Stevens machine so that neither platen of the machine is in contact with
the cover seam. The contact weight is applied, the pointer and the mark
brought level, and the dials set to zero. The test weight equivalent to
18 lb. (8.165kg.) is placed on the beam and pressure applied by turning
the wheel at a uniform speed so that five seconds elapse from the instant
the beam leaves its seat until the pointer is brought level with the mark.
When turning ceases the reading is recorded (forward deformation). The
wheel is turned again until figure ten is reached on the scale (one inch
[2.54cm.] deformation). The wheel is then rotated in the opposite direction
at a uniform speed (thus releasing pressure) until the beam pointer again
coincides with the mark. After waiting ten seconds the pointer is adjusted
to the mark if necessary. The reading is then recorded (return deformation).
This procedure is repeated on each ball across the two diameters at right
angles to the initial position and to each other.
Rules of Wheelchair Tennis
The game of wheelchair tennis follows the same rules as able-bodied tennis
as endorsed by the International Tennis Foundation except the wheelchair
tennis player is allowed two bounces of the ball.
1. The Competitive Wheelchair Tennis Player.
The only eligibility requirements for an individual to become a competitive
wheelchair tennis player is that he must be medically diagnosed as having
a mobility-related disability. In other words, he must have substantial
or total loss of function in one or more extremities. If, as a result
of these functional limitations, this person would be unable to play competitive
able-bodied tennis (that is, having the mobility to cover the court with
adequate speed), then the person would be eligible to play competitive
wheelchair tennis in sanctioned IWTF tournaments.
(a) Quadriplegic division players shall be characterized as one
who has limited mobility, power and strength in at least three limbs due
to accidents, spinal cord injuries and other related diseases. Also included
in this division are walking quadriplegics, power wheelchair-users and
triple amputees. Players who cannot use both arms to move the chair are
allowed to use their legs. In case of doubt it is up to the IWTF to make
a decision if the player is allowed to use his legs.
If there is reason to doubt an individual's eligibility to participate
as a competitive wheelchair tennis players, the IWTF rules committee reserves
the right to screen any player being considered for ranking. A verification
of quadriplegic status may be required, when in doubt.
2. The Ball In Play
In wheelchair tennis the ball is allowed to bounce twice before being
returned.
(a) If the ball is taken on the first bounce, it must bounce
within the bounds of the court.
(b) If the ball is taken on the second bounce, the second bounce
can hit the ground either within the boundaries of the court or outside
the court boundaries before being returned.
3. The Service
(a) The ball served may, after hitting the ground in the service
court, hit the ground once again within the bounds of the court or outside
the court boundaries before being returned.
(b) The server shall throughout the delivery of the service:
-- Not change position by rolling or spinning. The server shall not by
slight movements of the wheels which do not materially affect the location
originally taken up by him, be deemed "to change his position by rolling
or spinning."
-- Not touch, with any wheel, any area other than that behind the
baseline within the imaginary extension of the center-mark and sideline.
(c) If the player deliberately uses any part of his lower extremities
as brakes or as stabilizers while delivering service, the service is deemed
a fault.
(d) If conventional methods for the service are physically impossible
for a quadriplegic player, then another individual may drop the ball for
such a player.
4. Player Loses Point. The wheelchair is part of the body. All
applicable rules apply. A player loses the point if:
(a) The ball in play touches him or his wheelchair or anything
he wears or carries, except his racket in his hand(s). This loss of a
point occurs regardless of whether the player is inside or outside the
bounds of his court when the ball touches him.
(b) A served ball hits him or his wheelchair or anything he wears
or carries, except his racket in his hand(s). If the server hits his own
partner with the served ball, then it is a fault.
(c) He deliberately uses any part of his feet or lower extremities
as brakes or as stabilizers while delivering the service, stroking a ball,
turning or stopping.
(d) He fails to keep one buttock in contact with his wheelchair
seat contacting the ball.
It is legal for a player to hit a return, fall out of his chair and then
get back into his chair to make the next return.
5. Wheelchair/Able-Bodied Tennis. Where a wheelchair player is
defined in Rule 1 above is playing with able-bodied
persons, then again the rules of tennis shall apply.
In this instance, however, the wheelchair player is allowed only one
bounce and Rules 2 and 3 above shall
therefore not apply.
Tie-Breaks and No-Ad Scoring
1. Tie-Break Use Mandatory. Use of the 12-point tie-break is mandatory
in all sanctioned tournaments in all sets.
2. Twelve-Point Tie-Break
Singles. Player A, having served the first game of the set, serves the
first point from the right court; Player B serves points 2 and 3 (left
and right); A serves points 4 and 5 (left and right); B serves point 6
(left) and after they change ends, point 7 (right); A serves points 8
and 9 (left and right); B serves points 10 and 11 (left and right); A
serves point 12 (left). A player who reaches seven points during these
first 12 points wins the game and set. If the score has reached six points
all, the players change ends and continue in the same pattern until one
player establishes a margin of two points which gives him the game and
set. Note that the players change ends every six points and that the player
who serves the last point of one of these 6-point segments also serves
the first point of the next one (from right court). For a following set
the players change ends and B serves the first game.
Doubles. The same pattern as in singles applies, with partners preserving
their serving sequence. In a game of A-B versus C-D, with A having served
the first game of the set, A serves the first point (right); C serves
points 2 and 3 (left and right); B serves points 4 and 5 (left and right);
D serves point 6 (left) and after the teams change ends, D serves point
7 (right); A serves points 8 and 9 (left and right); C serves points 10
and 11 (left and right); B serves point 12 (left). A team that wins seven
points during these first 12 points wins the game and set. If the score
has reached six points all, the teams change ends. B then serves point
13 (right), and they continue until one team establishes a two-point margin
and thus wins the game and set. As in singles, they change ends for one
game to start a following set, with team C-D to serve first.
3. Experimental 12-point tie-break. The experimental 12-point
tie-break is the same as the present 12-point tie-break except that ends
are changed after the first point, then after every four points, and at
the conclusion of the tie-break game.
4. When experimental 12-point tie-break is authorized. For experimental
purposes, a section may authorize any tournament below the National Championship
level to use the experimental 12-point tie-break. For experimental purposes,
the USTA Sanctions and Schedules Committee may authorize the use of the
experimental 12-point tie-break for any other tournament. Any tournament
electing to use the experimental 12-point tie-break must announce the
election before the start of tournament play.
5. Recording the tie-break score. The score of the tie-break
set will be written 7-6(x) or 6-7(x), with (x) being the number of points
won by the loser of the tie break. For example, 7-6(4) means the tie-break
score was 7-4, and 6-7(14) means the tie-break score was 14-16.
6. Changing ends during the tie-break. Changes of ends during
a tie-break game are to be made within the normal time allowed between
points.
7. Ball changes. If a ball change is due on a tie-break game,
it will be deferred until the start of the second game of the next set.
A tie-break game counts as one game in determining ball changes.
8. No-Ad scoring. The No-Ad procedure is simply what the name
implies; the first player to win four points wins the game, with the seventh
point of a game becoming a game point for each player. The receiver has
the choice of advantage court or deuce court to which the service is to
be delivered on the seventh point. No-ad scoring is authorized for tournaments
at the sectional championship level and below. A tournament electing to
use no-ad scoring must announce the election before the start of the tournament
play except as set forth in paragraph 9 below.
Note: The score-calling may be either in the conventional terms or in
simple number, i.e., "zero, one, two, three, game."
Cautionary Note: Any ITF-authorized tournament should get special authorization
from ITF before using No-Ad.
9. Change to No-Ad scoring. The referee can
switch to no-ad scoring from regular scoring in any round without prior
notice on the entry blank when in the referee's discretion the change
is necessary to complete the tournament after inclement weather or other
factors cause the tournament to fall behind its published schedule.
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